getting kernel crashdumps for hung machines

Debugging hung machines can be a bit tricky. Here I'll document methods to trigger a crashdump when these hangs occur.

What exactly does it mean when a machine 'hangs' or 'freezes-up'? More information can be found in the kernel documentation [1], but overall there are a few types of hangs A "Soft Lock-Up" is when the kernel loops in kernel mode for a duration without giving tasks a chance to run. A "Hard Lock-Up" is when the kernel loops in kernel mode for a duration without letting other interrupts run. In addition a "Hung Task" is when a userspace task has been blocking for a duration. Thankfully the kernel has options to panic on these conditions and thus create a proper crashdump.

In order to setup crashdump, on an Ubuntu machine we can do the following. First we need to install and setup crashdump, more info can be found here [2].

sudo apt-get install linux-crashdump

Select NO unless you really would like to use kexec for your reboots.

Next we need to enable it since by default it is disabled.

sudo sed -i 's/USE_KDUMP=0/USE_KDUMP=1/' /etc/default/kdump-tools

Reboot to ensure the kernel cmdline options are properly setup

sudo reboot

After reboot run the following:

sudo kdump-config show

If this command shows 'ready to dump', then we can test a crash to ensure kdump has enough memory and will dump properly. This command will crash your computer, so hopefully you are doing this on a test machine.

echo c | sudo tee /proc/sysrq-trigger

The machine will reboot and you'll see a crash in /var/crash.

All of this is already documented in [2], so now we need to enable panics for hang and lockup conditions. Now we need to enable crashing on lockups, so we'll enable many cases at once.

Edit /etc/default/grub and change this line to the following:

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="nmi_watchdog=panic hung_task_panic=1 softlockup_panic=1 unknown_nmi_panic"

In addition you could enable these via /proc/sys/kernel or sysctl. For more information about these parameters there is documentation here [3].

If you've used the command line change, update grub and then reboot.

sudo update-grub && sudo reboot

Now your machine should crash when it locks up, and you'll get a nice crashdump to analyze. If you want to test such a setup I wrote a module [4] that induces a hang to see if this works properly.

Happy hacking.

1. https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/lockup-watchdogs.txt
2. https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/CrashdumpRecipe
3. https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt
4. https://github.com/arges/hanger

setup an external drives as raid1

I purchased a cheap two drive USB enclosure in order to setup an external drive that had RAID-1 so I could backup photos and recordings.

First, I formatted both drives. Then I ran extended smart self-tests to ensure I had decent drives. With RAID-1 and two drives I can only tolerate 1 drive failure.

Next ensure mdadm is installed.

sudo apt-get install mdadm

Determine which dev devices the disks show up as.
Next, create the raid device pointing at the correct dev directory.

sudo mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdx /dev/sdy
sudo mkfs.ext /dev/md0

The device will start a resync process which on my system takes a really long time (days). If you want to avoid this initial re-sync you can use '--assume-clean' to avoid this. I would recommend letting it resync.

And there ya go.